Lexile score
A measure of a book's reading difficulty that makes difficulty comparable from book to book, developed by MetaMetrics. Used for leveling texts.
reciprocal teaching
technique that takes place in form of dialogue between teacher and students to develop comprehension of expository text, using four primary questions to frame work and elevate meaning connected to text: Prediction, Questioning, Summarizing, and Clarifying confusing passages.
Informal Reading Inventory (IRI)
short passages with comprehension questions, often used to gauge student's independent, instructional, and frustration reading levels.
John Guthrie
focus on motivation in adolescent readers
Fluency
ability to read accurately and with expression
Reading Recovery
Corrective Action
NCLB term for when a Title I school or district does not make AYP for 4 years in a row, the state will place it under a corrective action plan. The plan will include resources to improve teaching, administration, or curriculum. If no progress is made, then the state has increased authority to make necessary additional improvements to ensure improvement.
Affective-Attitudes, beliefs, interests
Syntactic Clues
grammatical cues like word order, function words, and word endings
Story grammar
Set of rules that describes organization of the story: sequence of events helps reader predict what follows each element they read
automaticity
automatic word recognition
Semantic Clues
Use of knowledge about the subject of the text and words associated with that subject to identify an unknown word within a text: meaning cues from each sentence and the evolving whole
Prosody
Expression is reading
Proficiency
NCLB term for Mastery of subject matter at grade level
Etymology
the study of words and their origins and histories
Diagnostic Testing
Use of assessment about student problems and progress to design lesson plans and organize reading instruction.
Consonant Digraph
Pair of cononants that make a single sound different from the individual sound. ex: th, sh, ph
analogy phonics
teaching students to use parts of known words (such as onsets and rimes) to read unfamiliar print words
Free Morpheme
a morpheme that is a complete word on its own: dog, lid, car
Grapheme
An individual letter.
Inversions
The reversal or flipping of letters either horizontally or vertically. Ex" p - d, d-p, m-w, u-n. Not unusual for emergent writers or readers.
Independent Reading Level
Reading level at which students can accurately recognize and comprehend words well enough that no teacher guidance is needed. (99% accuracy, 90% comprehension).
Graphophonic Cues-Sounding out words
Semantic Feature Analysis (SFA)
A technique used to explore how a set of things are related to one another. Using a grid, you sort out the similarities and differences among a group of events, objects, peole, or ideas.
Chunking
Using familiar groups of letters to decode a word. Ex: Using "at" in "cat" to decode word.
Title I
Federal funding program aimed at students who are behind academically or at risk of falling behind. Title I Part A funding provides money to improve teaching and learning of children in areas of high poverty. It is based on the number of low-income children in a school: generally those eligible for free lunch.
Supplemental Services
NCLB term for outside services such as tutoring or academic assistance that low-income students in Title I schools that have been identified as needing improvement for three years are eligible to receive.
Safe Harbor
NCLB provision for schools and districts that are making progress in student achievement but are not yet meeting target goals for AYP. Designed to prevent the over-identification of schools not making AYP.
Context clues
Definitions, descriptions, restatements
Base Word
The word to which affixes are attached (aka root word)
Benchmark
A description or example of candidate or institutional performance that serves as a standard of comparison for evaluation.
Bound Morpheme
A morpheme that must be "bound" with another morpheme to form a word. Ex: un, ish, es, ed, pre
Bloom's Taxonomy
6 levels in cognitive domain identified by Benjamin Bloom: Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis, and Evaluation.
Blending
The ability to separate sounds and blend them into a single word or syllable.
Syllable
the largest sound unit within a word
Allomorph
All changes of morphemes
ex: s in cats OR en in oxen
homonym
two words having same pronunciation but having different meanings, origins or spellings
guided reading-teacher-directed reading groups
Paradigm -Set of all its word forms
Yetta Goodman
mother of the miscue analysis and looking for the quality of miscues
Iowa Basic Skills Test
standardized test battery for elementary students
Instructional Reading Level
Reading level at which a student recognizes and comprehends words well enough to avoid frustration, but still requires some assistance or guidance from teacher. 90-95% accuracy and 80% comprehension
KWL
pre-reading activity for expository text that asks the reader what they KNOW, what they WANT to know, and what they LEARNED.
Psycholinguistic
The study of the relationships between linguistic behavior and psychological processes, including the process of language acquisition
Inflected forms / inflection
Case 's - number s, es - gender ess - number and case s'
graphic cues
cues from letters and letter patterns
frustration level
Reading level at which the student can't accurately recognize or comprehed the text. 90% or below word recognition and 50% or below comprehension. The reader makes more than one mistake in every 10 words read and does not understand what is being read (based onMarie Clay's work on reading recovery)
ELL/dialect miscues
do not count on a miscue analysis
efficient and effective
definition of a "proficient" reader
dipthong
Marie Clay invented early literacy intervention program for first graders performing in lowest quartile. One on one, 5 days a week, 30min per lesson, for 12-20+ weeks. Connected with a Running Record.
Surface Structure
grammatical clues on printed page, including graphophonics, lexical, and syntactic systems. "Sets of skills that help readers / writers identify words and read fluently." (Keene)
Surface Structure
grammatical clues on printed page, including graphophonics, lexical, and syntactic systems. "Sets of skills that help readers / writers identify words and read fluently." (Keene)
Schemata-schema
Corrective Action
NCLB term for when a Title I school or district does not make AYP for 4 years in a row, the state will place it under a corrective action plan. The plan will include resources to improve teaching, administration, or curriculum. If no progress is made, then the state has increased authority to make necessary additional improvements to ensure improvement.
Affective-Attitudes, beliefs, interests
Syntactic Clues
grammatical cues like word order, function words, and word endings
deep structure
sets of skills and strategies that help readers and writers comprehend literally to grasp a plot, comprehend deeply to prob ideas, and extend and apply their understanding--includes semantic, schematic and pragmatic system (think comprehension strategies and Keene)
Readability
quality of language that makes it easy to read and understand.
Qualities of Miscues
do they fit with the context of the passage?
CIRC
Cooperative Integrated Reading and Composition, scripted - 2 days trained - use basalt or anthologies - teacher led
R-Controlled
A vowel sounds, such as the "o" in sailor that is neither long nor short
Vowel Digraphs
Two adjacent vowels in a syllable represents one speech sound ex: "ee" in "seed", "oa" in "goat", "ai" in "pain"
SQ3R
Survey, Question, Read, Read-Recite-Review - a secondary reading tool
Newberry Award
given for most distinguished children's literature every year
Phonological Awareness
awareness of larger spoken unit such as syllables and phonemic awareness
Quantitative Data
data described in terms of numerical values
Realia
using artifacts to support learning
context clues
words or phrases that help the reader understand another word of phrase
connecting reading and writing
reading and writing naturally support acquisition of one another--an effective way to teach reading is through writing, and an effective way to teach writing is through reading
antonym
two words with opposite meanings
choral reading
reading aloud in unison with a whole class or group of students- used to develop oral reading fluency.
criterion-referenced
a test that measures certain criteria (knowledge about a specific set of facts or skills). --if a student knows the material, they will pass the test. Results reported in percentage.
Consonant Blend
Two or Three consonants blended together where each sound is heard. ex: st, bl, str
Synonym
two words that mean the same thing
No Child Left Behind (NCLB)
The most recent authorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, which is the principal federal law affecting K-12 education.
Oregon Education Act for the 21st Century
Oregon law beginning in 1991 calling for increased benchmark testing and parent/public involvement and reporting of progress
Restructuring
NCLB term for Title I schools not making AYP for 6 years in a row must do one of the following: reopen as a charter school; replace all or most of relevant school staff; contract with outside entity to operate school; state takeover; or any other major restructuring of the school's governance.
schema
what you know about what you are reading - background knowledge
Scaffolding
helping students do what they cannot learn alone by modeling the process and then helping them become a little more independent each time
Schwa
An unstressed, de-emphasized sound similar to the short "u" sounds in "uh" and "mumps". ex: "a" in banana, "o" in some, "I" in pencil.
Concept Maps
A visual organizer and representation of information on a topic (similar to Semantic Webs)
Student Subgroups
NCLB term for subgroups of students based on race/ethnicity, students with disabilities, LEP, and economically disadvantaged for whic schools get disaggregated AYP status
Limited English Proficiency (LEP)
Students for whom English is a second language and who are not reading or writing English at grade level.
Phonics
Analytical, helps students sound out words, expands vocabulary
Intertextuality-relationship between texts
Narrow Reading
Reading in only one genre (helps reader develop background knowledge- Krashen)
95% accuracy
what students are supposed to read at within a given text before moving on to a more difficult level (connected to Reading Recovery with Marie Clay)
Validity
does the measure/assessment measure what it is supposed to measure?
Stanine
a method of scaling test scores on a nine-point standard scale with a mean of five (5) and a standard deviation of two (2)
Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP)
NCLB term for the minimum level of improvement that school districts and schools must achieve each year
sets of skills and strategies that help readers and writers comprehend literally to grasp a plot, comprehend deeply to prob ideas, and extend and apply their understanding--includes semantic, schematic and pragmatic system (think comprehension strategies and Keene)
Readability
quality of language that makes it easy to read and understand.
Qualities of Miscues
do they fit with the context of the passage?
CIRC
Cooperative Integrated Reading and Composition, scripted - 2 days trained - use basalt or anthologies - teacher led
R-Controlled
A vowel sounds, such as the "o" in sailor that is neither long nor short
Vowel Digraphs
Two adjacent vowels in a syllable represents one speech sound ex: "ee" in "seed", "oa" in "goat", "ai" in "pain"
SQ3R
Survey, Question, Read, Read-Recite-Review - a secondary reading tool
Newberry Award
given for most distinguished children's literature every year
Phonological Awareness
awareness of larger spoken unit such as syllables and phonemic awareness
Quantitative Data
data described in terms of numerical values
Realia
using artifacts to support learning
context clues
words or phrases that help the reader understand another word of phrase
connecting reading and writing
reading and writing naturally support acquisition of one another--an effective way to teach reading is through writing, and an effective way to teach writing is through reading
antonym
two words with opposite meanings
choral reading
reading aloud in unison with a whole class or group of students- used to develop oral reading fluency.
criterion-referenced
a test that measures certain criteria (knowledge about a specific set of facts or skills). --if a student knows the material, they will pass the test. Results reported in percentage.
Consonant Blend
Two or Three consonants blended together where each sound is heard. ex: st, bl, str
Synonym
two words that mean the same thing
No Child Left Behind (NCLB)
The most recent authorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, which is the principal federal law affecting K-12 education.
Oregon Education Act for the 21st Century
Oregon law beginning in 1991 calling for increased benchmark testing and parent/public involvement and reporting of progress
Restructuring
NCLB term for Title I schools not making AYP for 6 years in a row must do one of the following: reopen as a charter school; replace all or most of relevant school staff; contract with outside entity to operate school; state takeover; or any other major restructuring of the school's governance.
schema
what you know about what you are reading - background knowledge
Scaffolding
helping students do what they cannot learn alone by modeling the process and then helping them become a little more independent each time
Schwa
An unstressed, de-emphasized sound similar to the short "u" sounds in "uh" and "mumps". ex: "a" in banana, "o" in some, "I" in pencil.
Concept Maps
A visual organizer and representation of information on a topic (similar to Semantic Webs)
Student Subgroups
NCLB term for subgroups of students based on race/ethnicity, students with disabilities, LEP, and economically disadvantaged for whic schools get disaggregated AYP status
Limited English Proficiency (LEP)
Students for whom English is a second language and who are not reading or writing English at grade level.
Phonics
Analytical, helps students sound out words, expands vocabulary
Intertextuality-relationship between texts
Narrow Reading
Reading in only one genre (helps reader develop background knowledge- Krashen)
95% accuracy
what students are supposed to read at within a given text before moving on to a more difficult level (connected to Reading Recovery with Marie Clay)
Validity
does the measure/assessment measure what it is supposed to measure?
Stanine
a method of scaling test scores on a nine-point standard scale with a mean of five (5) and a standard deviation of two (2)
Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP)
NCLB term for the minimum level of improvement that school districts and schools must achieve each year
Fluency
Ability to read accurately and with expression, Concentrating on the meaning
Over generalization
Applies to rules of language
ex: eated - ate
analytic phonics
teaching students to analyze letter-sound relations in previously learned words in order to avoid pronouncing sounds in isolation
Structural Analysis
using the knowledge of a word and sentence structure to make meaning
Word boundary
Where one word ends and another begins (ex: white space between words)
aesthetic reading
reading for pleasure
Shared Reading
reading approach where the teacher models explicitly the strategies and skills of a proficient reader
Segmentation
breaking a word into smaller pieces
Semantic Feature Analysis (SFA)
usually a grid that compares/shows differences and similarites
Positive transfer
Students first language promotes acquisition of English
ex: learning pronouns
blend
Two letters together that make two sounds. For example, bl, pl, fl, st, tr
Ability to read accurately and with expression, Concentrating on the meaning
Over generalization
Applies to rules of language
ex: eated - ate
analytic phonics
teaching students to analyze letter-sound relations in previously learned words in order to avoid pronouncing sounds in isolation
Structural Analysis
using the knowledge of a word and sentence structure to make meaning
Word boundary
Where one word ends and another begins (ex: white space between words)
aesthetic reading
reading for pleasure
Shared Reading
reading approach where the teacher models explicitly the strategies and skills of a proficient reader
Segmentation
breaking a word into smaller pieces
Semantic Feature Analysis (SFA)
usually a grid that compares/shows differences and similarites
Positive transfer
Students first language promotes acquisition of English
ex: learning pronouns
blend
Two letters together that make two sounds. For example, bl, pl, fl, st, tr
Story grammar
Set of rules that describes organization of the story: sequence of events helps reader predict what follows each element they read
automaticity
automatic word recognition
Semantic Clues
Use of knowledge about the subject of the text and words associated with that subject to identify an unknown word within a text: meaning cues from each sentence and the evolving whole
Prosody
Expression is reading
Proficiency
NCLB term for Mastery of subject matter at grade level
Etymology
the study of words and their origins and histories
Diagnostic Testing
Use of assessment about student problems and progress to design lesson plans and organize reading instruction.
Consonant Digraph
Pair of cononants that make a single sound different from the individual sound. ex: th, sh, ph
analogy phonics
teaching students to use parts of known words (such as onsets and rimes) to read unfamiliar print words
Free Morpheme
a morpheme that is a complete word on its own: dog, lid, car
Grapheme
An individual letter.
Inversions
The reversal or flipping of letters either horizontally or vertically. Ex" p - d, d-p, m-w, u-n. Not unusual for emergent writers or readers.
Independent Reading Level
Reading level at which students can accurately recognize and comprehend words well enough that no teacher guidance is needed. (99% accuracy, 90% comprehension).
Graphophonic Cues-Sounding out words
Semantic Feature Analysis (SFA)
A technique used to explore how a set of things are related to one another. Using a grid, you sort out the similarities and differences among a group of events, objects, peole, or ideas.
Chunking
Using familiar groups of letters to decode a word. Ex: Using "at" in "cat" to decode word.
Title I
Federal funding program aimed at students who are behind academically or at risk of falling behind. Title I Part A funding provides money to improve teaching and learning of children in areas of high poverty. It is based on the number of low-income children in a school: generally those eligible for free lunch.
Supplemental Services
NCLB term for outside services such as tutoring or academic assistance that low-income students in Title I schools that have been identified as needing improvement for three years are eligible to receive.
Safe Harbor
NCLB provision for schools and districts that are making progress in student achievement but are not yet meeting target goals for AYP. Designed to prevent the over-identification of schools not making AYP.
Context clues
Definitions, descriptions, restatements
Base Word
The word to which affixes are attached (aka root word)
Benchmark
A description or example of candidate or institutional performance that serves as a standard of comparison for evaluation.
Bound Morpheme
A morpheme that must be "bound" with another morpheme to form a word. Ex: un, ish, es, ed, pre
Bloom's Taxonomy
6 levels in cognitive domain identified by Benjamin Bloom: Knowledge, Comprehension, Application, Analysis, Synthesis, and Evaluation.
Blending
The ability to separate sounds and blend them into a single word or syllable.
Syllable
the largest sound unit within a word
Allomorph
All changes of morphemes
ex: s in cats OR en in oxen
homonym
two words having same pronunciation but having different meanings, origins or spellings
guided reading-teacher-directed reading groups
Paradigm -Set of all its word forms
Yetta Goodman
mother of the miscue analysis and looking for the quality of miscues
Iowa Basic Skills Test
standardized test battery for elementary students
Instructional Reading Level
Reading level at which a student recognizes and comprehends words well enough to avoid frustration, but still requires some assistance or guidance from teacher. 90-95% accuracy and 80% comprehension
KWL
pre-reading activity for expository text that asks the reader what they KNOW, what they WANT to know, and what they LEARNED.
Psycholinguistic
The study of the relationships between linguistic behavior and psychological processes, including the process of language acquisition
Inflected forms / inflection
Case 's - number s, es - gender ess - number and case s'
graphic cues
cues from letters and letter patterns
frustration level
Reading level at which the student can't accurately recognize or comprehed the text. 90% or below word recognition and 50% or below comprehension. The reader makes more than one mistake in every 10 words read and does not understand what is being read (based onMarie Clay's work on reading recovery)
ELL/dialect miscues
do not count on a miscue analysis
efficient and effective
definition of a "proficient" reader
dipthong
a sliding vowel sound, such as -oy in boy, oi in oil, ou in house
digraph
two letters together that create a new sound. ex: sh, ph, ch, th
emergent literacy
the reading and writing behaviors that precede and develop into conventional literacy
echo reading
students echo what the teacher reads. used for emergent readers to build fluency and expression.
fluid grouping
students grouped together briefly to work on a specific skill/concept
Caldecott Medal
award for the most distinguished artwork in a picture book
efferent reading
reading for the main purpose of information, to gain meaning, from Louise Rosenblatt
Literature Circles
students read common texts and have discussions about the shared reading to increase critical thinking and response to text. Often with set roles (discussion director, mind image creator, question asker, etc.)
cloze passage
used for vocabulary instruction, omitting every fifth word in a passage--students use context clues to figure out the missing word
Rime
the vowel of a syllable, plus any consonant sounds
Whole language
Emphasizes working in groups
Comprehension
Reading in meaningful units
Efficacy
Teacher belief that he/she can affect student performance
reliability
the consistency of a test/measurement
Louise Rosenblatt
creator fo Transactional Theory of reading, where meaning arises from the trasnaction between reader and text and the reader enters reading the text with their own knowledge.
Allophone
Pin and spin are allophones of phoneme p
Directed Reading-Thinking Activity
Guided reading method where teacher divides text into shorter segments and leads kids in predicting, read silently to confirm predictions, discuss to clarify predictions and formulate new predictions
Phonemic Awareness
Awareness that there are separable sounds in words; the ability to hear seperate phenomes in words
Phonics
The letter/sound relationship in language.
Morpheme
Smallest linguistic unit that has meaning ex: in "walking", both "walk" and "ing" are this unit
Language Experience Approach
Teacher writes down what the child says so that it is easy for the child to read it back to them.
concepts of print
awareness of directionality, book cover, title... (connected to Marie Clay's work in Reading Recovery)
Norm-Referenced Tests
Tests used to rank students. Scores are compared to the scores of others who have already taken the test. Results are reported using a Bell Curve. Ex: SAT, CTSB, Iowa Test of Basic Skills, California Achievement Test)
Phoneme
the smallest meaning- signaling unit of sound in a language. may be a letter or goupr of letters ex: s, th
Orthography
The study of spelling
Onset
Any sound or sounds that may occur before the vowel in a syllable ex: "M" in "man"
Qualitative Data
data described by characteristics or properties
digraph
two letters together that create a new sound. ex: sh, ph, ch, th
emergent literacy
the reading and writing behaviors that precede and develop into conventional literacy
echo reading
students echo what the teacher reads. used for emergent readers to build fluency and expression.
fluid grouping
students grouped together briefly to work on a specific skill/concept
Caldecott Medal
award for the most distinguished artwork in a picture book
efferent reading
reading for the main purpose of information, to gain meaning, from Louise Rosenblatt
Literature Circles
students read common texts and have discussions about the shared reading to increase critical thinking and response to text. Often with set roles (discussion director, mind image creator, question asker, etc.)
cloze passage
used for vocabulary instruction, omitting every fifth word in a passage--students use context clues to figure out the missing word
Rime
the vowel of a syllable, plus any consonant sounds
Whole language
Emphasizes working in groups
Comprehension
Reading in meaningful units
Efficacy
Teacher belief that he/she can affect student performance
reliability
the consistency of a test/measurement
Louise Rosenblatt
creator fo Transactional Theory of reading, where meaning arises from the trasnaction between reader and text and the reader enters reading the text with their own knowledge.
Allophone
Pin and spin are allophones of phoneme p
Directed Reading-Thinking Activity
Guided reading method where teacher divides text into shorter segments and leads kids in predicting, read silently to confirm predictions, discuss to clarify predictions and formulate new predictions
Phonemic Awareness
Awareness that there are separable sounds in words; the ability to hear seperate phenomes in words
Phonics
The letter/sound relationship in language.
Morpheme
Smallest linguistic unit that has meaning ex: in "walking", both "walk" and "ing" are this unit
Language Experience Approach
Teacher writes down what the child says so that it is easy for the child to read it back to them.
concepts of print
awareness of directionality, book cover, title... (connected to Marie Clay's work in Reading Recovery)
Norm-Referenced Tests
Tests used to rank students. Scores are compared to the scores of others who have already taken the test. Results are reported using a Bell Curve. Ex: SAT, CTSB, Iowa Test of Basic Skills, California Achievement Test)
Phoneme
the smallest meaning- signaling unit of sound in a language. may be a letter or goupr of letters ex: s, th
Orthography
The study of spelling
Onset
Any sound or sounds that may occur before the vowel in a syllable ex: "M" in "man"
Qualitative Data
data described by characteristics or properties
